In April a Swedish study was released on boxing and biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); findings were not only somewhat successful for possibly getting a biomarker test, it shed light on the controversial subconcussive blows and cumulative effects as well.

Sanna Neselius, Helena Brisby, Annette Theodorsson, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg and Jan Marcusson did perform the largest study of active boxers known, what was less known until this one study is how long and what level the CSF biomarkers are in samples of each boxer.  The most curious part of the study is that only ONE of the boxers ever reported symptoms associated with concussion yet the results show increased levels of certain biomarkers in 80% of the boxers that would be indicative of “acute axonal and neuronal damage.”

The studied biomarkers were; Continue reading →